Types of Illocutionary Act

There are some classification of illocutionary act that given by researcher.
Based on Austin (1967:50), he is classification of illocutionary act become five
types. First is verdictives, are typified by the giving of a verdict, as the name
implies, by a jury, arbitrator, or umpire. But they need not be final; they may be, for
example an estimate, reckoning, or appraisal. Second is exercitives, are the
exercising of power, right, or influence. For example are appointing, voting,
ordering, urging, advising, warning, etc. Third is commisives, are typified by
promising or otherwise undertaking, they commit you to doing something, but
include also declarations or announcement of intention, which are not promises, and
also rather vague things which we may call espousals. Fourth is behabitives, are
very miscellaneous groups, and have to do with attitudes and social behavior.
Examples are apologizing, congratulating, commending, condoling, etc. The last is
expositives, are difficult to define. They make plain how our utterances fit into the
course of and argument or conversation, how we are using words, or, in general, are
expository.
According to Searle, he is classification of speech act become five categories
are representatives, directives, commisives, expressive, and declaration (Mey,
2001:120). Yule (1996:54-56) gives a brief explanation of the types of speech acts
based on general function. Those are declarations, representatives, expressive,
directives, and commissives. The concept of an illocutionary is central to the
concept of a speech act. Although, there are numerous opinions as to how to define
illocutionary acts, there are some kinds of acts which are widely accepted as
illocutionary, as for example promising, ordering someone, and bequeathing.
In this graduating paper, the researcher will be explains about types of
illocutionary act based on Searle are commisives, directives, expressives,
representatives, and declaratives. This is also become research focus in this
graduating paper.
a) Commissives
Commisives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit
themselves to some future action. In using a commissives, the speaker undertakes to
make the world fit the words (via the speaker) (Yule, 1996:54). Commisives commit
to some future action. These tend to be convivial rather than competitive, being
performed in the interest of someone other than the speaker (Lee, 1991:106).
Commisives include promises, threats, refusals, pledges, vowing, offering, etc. For
example, “and touch me, and my Father will kill you” it is the example of promises.
That utterance mean, if the hearer touch the speaker, the speaker promise that the
speaker‟s father will be kill the hearer. An others example is, “if you are lying, I will
find out sooner or later. I will call you out, Jasper. And I will see you dead” it is the
example of threats. That is mean, if the hearer lying, the speaker will search and
found the hearer, and will be kill him or her. 
b) Directives
A speech act that is to cause the hearer to take a particular action, in other
words it‟s ordering someone to do something. They express what the speaker wants.
Directives are intended to produce some effect through action by the hearer (Lee,
1991:106). In using a directives, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the
words (via the hearer) (Yule, 1996:54). Directives perform commands, orders,
requests, suggestions, pray, invite, etc. For example, “run get that coffee in the cook
house” it is the example of command. That utterance mean the speaker want the
hearer to get coffee in the cook house. The other example, “can you find us a
longboat?” it is the example of request. That‟s mean the speaker want the hearer to
find a longboat for them. 
c) Expressives
A speech act that express the speaker‟s attitudes and emotions towards the
proposition. Expressive have the function of expressing, or making known, the
speaker‟s psychological attitude towards a state of affairs which the illocution
presupposes, thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling, etc
(Lee, 1991:106). In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of
feeling) (Yule, 1996:54). For example, “my thanks for your gallantry, sir” it is the
example of thanking. It means that the speaker reflects his or her thanking to the
hearer. The other example, “we don‟t like to sing“ it is example of dislike. It means
that the speaker don‟t like sing.  
d) Representatives
According to Yule (1996:53), representatives are the type of speech acts that
commit the speaker in believing something to be truth. In other words, the speaker
states certain utterances that he or she believed as a truth. Representatives commit to
the truth of the expressed proposition, for example stating, assertions, conclusions,
reporting, concluding, etc. In using a representative, the speaker makes words fit the
world (of belief). For example, “the earth is flat” or “it was a warm sunny day”.
Those are the statements that believe by the speaker as the truth. In simply
explanation, representative is statement that (potentially) is „true‟ or „false‟. 
e) Declarative
Declaration is illocution whose successful performance brings about the
correspondence between the proportional content and reality (Leech, 1991:106).
This is kind of speech act is quite special, because the speaker utterance or statement
can change the world, it can change the reality. Declarative include, resigning,
naming, christening, demising, excommunicating, appointing, sentencing, etc. For
example, “I pronounce you husband and wife”. This utterance used by a priest to
declare a man and a women marriage and become a husband and wife. The other
example, “I baptize you…”. It is the example of christening. That utterance said by a
priest to declare someone to be Christian.
F. Authentic Material
Nowadays, in language teaching and learning many teachers develop new
strategy and materials to help the students understand and increase their language
skills. Those strategies has purpose to make the learning enjoyable and easy to be
understood. Many kinds of materials that can be used in learning activity such as
videos, songs, pictures, etc. Those kinds of materials that taken from the real life
used in teaching and learning activity often called authentic materials.
There are many different definitions for the authentic materials, but they do
have something in common. All the definitions highlight the fact that authentic
materials mean exposure to real language and its use in its own community
(Widdowson, 1990: 67) as cited by Tamo (2009:1). According to Heitler (2005:5)
authentic materials are any texts written by native English speakers for native
English speakers. Based on American Institute for Research (Ianiro, 2007: 1)
authentic materials as print, video, and audio materials students encounter in their
daily lives, such as change-of address forms, job applications, menus, voice mail
messages, radio programs, and videos. Authentic materials are not created
specifically to be used in the classroom, but they make excellent learning tools for
students because they are authentic.
From that definition above it can be understood that authentic materials are
materials in real life that can be used by the teacher in the classroom as learning
media to help the students get more understanding. According to Ianiro from
American Institute for Research (2007:1-2) there are two main categories of
authentic materials, they are:
1.  Authentic print materials
Authentic print materials are real printed materials used as the learning
materials. Here are some examples of the many types of authentic print materials
included, utility bills, packing slips, order forms, atm screens, atm receipts, web sites,
street signs, coupons, traffic tickets, greeting cards, calendars, report cards, television
guides, food labels, magazines, newspapers. The novel that researcher use in this
research also once kind of authentic print materials. The result of this research also
can be used as authentic print materials in the learning process. 
2.  Authentic auditory materials
Authentic auditory materials are authentic audio in real life used as the
learning materials such as, audio recording, phone messages, radio broadcasts,
podcasts, e-books, movies, videos and dvds, television programs, etc.